An 1800-year record of the spatial and temporal distribution of fire from the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada
نویسندگان
چکیده
Charcoal records from lake sediments may show changes in fire frequency over thousands of years, but such records are ambiguous with regard to the actual locations of fires. Using a comparison of fire dates from an 1800-year lake sediment record from the west coast of Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) and dates of last fire from 38 sites in the same watershed using tree-ring and soil-charcoal 14C dates, we estimated the source area that contributes to charcoal peaks and determined the degree to which fires were biased to certain locations. Twenty-three charcoal peaks, likely corresponding with individual fire events, were objectively identified from the sediment record. Comparison of fire dates from charcoal peaks in the sediment record with fire dates from points near the lake suggests that the charcoal source area is within 500 m of the lake edge. Fire occurrence within this charcoal source area increased sharply at AD 1100 from ca. 50 to ca. 300 years between charcoal peaks, coeval with the first “Little Ice Age” cooling. Soil-charcoal radiocarbon dates revealed that 37% of the charcoal source area had not burned over the last 1800 years and that the 23 fires identified in the sediment record were restricted to south-facing slopes near the lake. This spatial pattern may result only if fire is >25 times more likely to occur on susceptible sites (south-facing slopes) than on less susceptible sites. This strong bias in fire location ensured the millennial-scale persistence of large areas of latesuccessional forest through past climatic periods. Résumé : Les données sur le charbon de bois provenant de sédiments lacustres peuvent faire ressortir les variations dans la fréquence des feux sur des milliers d’années, mais ces données sont ambiguës quant à la localisation réelle des feux. En comparant les dates où sont survenus des feux à partir des données de sédiments lacustres couvrant 1800 ans pour la côte ouest de l’île de Vancouver (Colombie-Britannique, Canada) et les dates des derniers feux dans 38 sites dans le même bassin versant, à l’aide de la dendrochronologie et de la datation au 14C du charbon de bois présent dans le sol, nous avons estimé les zones sources qui contribuent aux pics de charbon de bois et déterminé dans quelle mesure il y avait un biais dans la localisation des feux. Vingt-trois pics de charbon de bois, correspondant probablement à des épisodes individuels de feu, ont été identifiés objectivement à partir des données de sédiments. La comparaison des dates où sont survenus des feux à partir des pics de charbon de bois dans les sédiments lacustres avec celles provenant d’endroits près du lac indique que la source de charbon de bois est située à moins de 500 m du bord du lac. L’occurrence des feux à l’intérieur de cette zone source de charbon de bois a augmenté dramatiquement il y a 1100 ans avec des intervalles d’environ 50 à 300 ans entre les pics de charbon de bois, en même temps que le premier refroidissement du Petit âge glaciaire. La datation au 14C du charbon de bois présent dans le sol a révélé que 37 % de la région d’où provient le charbon de bois n’avait pas subi de feu au cours des 1800 dernières années et que les 23 feux identifiés dans les données de sédiments s’étaient limités aux versants sud près du lac. Cette configuration spatiale est possible seulement si le feu a plus de 25 fois plus de chance de survenir dans les sites susceptibles (versants sud) que dans les sites moins susceptibles. Ce fort biais dans la localisation des feux a assuré la persistance à l’échelle millénaire d’importantes zones de forêt de fin de succession au travers des périodes climatiques passées. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Gavin et al. 586
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